One of the great benefits of cell reorganization (transforming adult cells into stem cells) is their ability to capture the genetic diversity of individuals. Scientists are using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS) recombination technology to build stem cell banks from different populations. Such stem cell banks will use cells of different ethnic groups to detect the toxicity of different drugs, and also provide the cells needed for tissue replacement therapy. According to a report on June 17 in the online edition of the American Technology Review magazine, at the International Stem Cell Research Association meeting held in San Francisco this week, Japanese researchers disclosed details of their efforts to build a recombinant stem cell bank.
Yamanaka Yamanaka, a stem cell scientist at Kyoto University in Japan, first created iPS cells in 2007. Scientists have created iPS cells from patients with different diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson's disease. These cells are being used for disease research. Some innovative companies are also using these cells to develop new methods of drug screening to test the toxicity of drugs in humans and their effectiveness in reducing the molecular characteristics of diseases. The director of the Regenerative Medicine Center at the Scripps Research Institute in the United States, Jenny Rolling, is developing a stem cell bank for toxicity testing. Its focus is on Africans and African Americans, a group known to have high genetic diversity Level. Luo Ling is currently analyzing the genetic variation in the collected cells, focusing on how patients respond to specific drugs (such as antidepressants, painkillers and heart disease treatment drugs).
The long-term goal of iPS cells is to use them to repair or replace damaged or diseased tissue. Just like organ transplantation, stem cell transplantation must match the recipient. However, Yamanaka pointed out that creating personalized cells for each individual in need can be a time-consuming and costly business, so it is not feasible. It takes two to six months to create a stem cell line from an individual, and some patients with spinal cord injury may also have to perform a cell transplant within a few days of injury.
The Yamanaka research team is currently working on establishing a stem cell line bank suitable for the majority of the Japanese population. Although the concept of establishing a stem cell bank has been proposed a few years ago, iPS cell technology makes it easier to create.
To explore the feasibility of establishing a stem cell bank, the Yamanaka research team tested the organization type of 107 Japanese volunteers. The genes encoding surface molecules (human leukocyte antigens) in these volunteers vary greatly. The closer the antigen match between the donor and the recipient, the lower the resistance of the recipient's immune system to the transplanted tissue. The researchers found that two volunteers were homozygous, that is, every three of their HLA genes carried two matching copies. Because of this rare genotype, these people can serve as donors for patients with triple antigens (about one-third of volunteers). According to estimates by researchers, only 50 different HLA types can cover 90% of the Japanese population. Researchers have obtained iPS cells from these volunteers and proved that iPS cells behave normally and can differentiate into multiple cell types.
However, Roger Pedersen, a stem cell biologist at the University of Cambridge in the UK, warned that due to a slight HLA mismatch, a certain level of immunosuppression is required to achieve this level of matching. But overall, this method is better than creating a separate stem cell line for each individual in need.
Rolling also said that Japan is a country with a particularly homogenous population. This method seems not feasible in a multi-ethnic country like the United States, because Americans are much less homozygous than Japan.
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