Researchers at North Carolina State University (NCSU) used ultrasound technology to develop a new cell sorting method that reduces cell damage compared to other methods. The research results were published online in the October 16 issue of Applied Physics Letters.
In many fields of biomedical research (including genetic engineering, stem cells, and regenerative medicine), the separation of selected cells from a mixed population is an important process. In recent years, a variety of methods have also been developed to isolate living cells. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and limiting dilution are the two most commonly used methods. However, both methods require the cells to be dissociated from the culture before sorting, which may stress the cells or cause programmed cell death, especially sensitive cells such as stem cells and primary cells. Therefore, it is best to develop a stress-free technique to perform gentle cell separation while keeping the cells attached to the culture.
At the same time, people are constantly developing chip technology, using releasable micro-elements (micropallets) to separate adherent cells. In this article, the research team introduced that their system can use ultrasound to gently lift the micropallet chip. Micropallet chips are a platform for cell growth, but lifting them away from the surrounding medium has always been a challenge. Other cell sorting techniques will cause a lot of cell loss. According to reports, the average cell survival rate of this new method is 92%.
This system can greatly improve the application of the chip. For example, a cell chip is filled with cancer cells from multiple patients and then treated with specific anti-cancer drugs. The cells whose growth is inhibited will quickly and efficiently detach from the chip, so that researchers can understand the genetic variations associated with drug sensitivity. Eventually, this system will become a core part of automated lab-on-a-chip technology, enabling continuous analysis of cells on multiple substrates without manual intervention.
The corresponding author of the article is Associate Professor Xiaoning Jiang of the NCSU Department of Mechanical Engineering. He said that this work stems from his conversation with a biological engineer Nancy Allbritton. Allbritton asked if he could use ultrasound to release cells safely and quickly.
Previously, Allbritton's research team used lasers to separate cells. Although this method is useful for micropallets smaller than 500 µm × 500 µm, the strength required to move larger micropallets can cause severe damage and cell loss. Next, Allbritton's team tried to use mechanical methods. Although this technique retains cell function, it is too time-consuming. Finally, using ultrasound, Allbritton and Jiang separated a single micropallet chip, and the average cell survival rate was 92%. This is a big improvement compared to 50% of other fast technologies.
However, when processing the chip, the focused ultrasound must be transferred from one micropallet chip to another. In order to improve the efficiency of the system, the research team is developing a chip ultrasonic converter that can focus on a single micropallet chip.
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