[Secondary] acid-base balance
1. Carbonic acid H2CO3 will be partially decomposed in aqueous solution into carbonate ion HCO3- and hydrogen ion H+, written chemical formula: H2CO3 HCO3- + H+- represents a negative charge, + represents a positive charge. There are two-way arrows. To achieve chemical equilibrium, the formula that it meets is: [HCO3-]*[H+}/[H2CO3] = certain value where * represents multiplication.
2. The above chemical formula is combined with the chemical formula CO2 + H2O H2CO3 which is hydrated with the carbon dioxide mentioned in the previous article: CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+ The mathematical formulae are also combined: [HCO3-]*[H+]/[CO2 ] = Certain value, sort out [H+] = Certain value * [CO2]/[HCO3-]
3. The last formula above shows: The higher [CO2], or the lower [HCO3-], the higher [H+]. Because [H+] represents acidity, so long as the chemical equilibrium [CO2]/[HCO3-] is achieved The ratio also represents acidity, CO2 is acidic, HCO3- is alkaline.
4. Moreover, the more HCO3-, the smaller the [H+] change caused when CO2 increases or decreases by a certain amount. This phenomenon is called "HCO3- with buffer function".
5. The human body not only produces CO2 but also produces or eats other acids. Therefore, the human body tends to try to leave HCO3- and remove the acid. CO2 is excreted by the lungs. H+ and other acids such as HSO4- are excreted by the kidneys. Urine.
6. If the drug is used to keep the kidneys from keeping in the urine with HCO3-, the body will become acid, and a little change in CO2 will cause a greater [H+] change. Diamox (acetazolamide) is such a drug.
7. The human body has a system to detect acid and alkali in the body to control the rate of respiratory ventilation. When the body's acid is increased for a while, breathing increases immediately and CO2 is expelled more, so that the acidity decreases. Therefore, Diamox will promote breathing to reduce CO2 in the body. Diamox inhibits the reabsorption of HCO3- in the renal tubules by inhibiting the function of "carbonate dehydration". Why does it involve carbonic acid dehydration?
[3] Mass transfer methods in the body: diffusion, flow, penetration, active transport
1. The "mass biography" is the mass transport.
2. The body is mainly a fluid environment. Convection is the fastest mass transfer method.
3. Diffusion means: The solute is in solution, and the molecules or ions of the solute will move like insects. If the concentration of the original solute is not uniform, it will gradually become uniform and the solute will be thick. The place is moving to the sparse place. This is a very inefficient way. The speed is less than one thousandth of the flow.
4. Infiltration (osmosis) and active transport (active transport) are ways to get substances in and out of the "semi-permeable membrane."
5. The semipermeable membrane is a thin film that selectively passes some solutes. Different solutes can pass through different permeability. The cell membrane is a semipermeable membrane, and the membrane of the intracellular organelle is also. Many substances inside and outside the cell membrane are much less concentrated , for example, sodium, potassium ion difference tens of times inside and outside, calcium ion difference thousand times, pH is also different. Why do you need inside and outside the difference? One of the main reasons is: let the cell membrane become a control cell switch, when the cell membrane is transparent to a certain solute When the sex changes abruptly, the intracellular concentration of the solute suddenly changes, triggering a certain functional action of the cell. All functions of the human body are the function of the cell, and the permselectivity of the cell membrane is the main basis, although some substances are freely accessible. The cell membrane is also very important.
6. As with diffusion, solutes tend to pass from the high-concentration side through the semi-permeable membrane to the low-concentration side. This process does not require the application of energy by the outside world, which is "infiltration".
7. If energy is applied to make the solute from the low concentration side through the semi-permeable membrane to the high concentration side, it is called "active transport" and can also be called "pump pump".
8. The choice of cell membrane permeability, although necessary for physiology, also brings trouble. After carbon dioxide is produced inside the cell, the process of transporting it to the alveoli to exhale requires a layer of barriers.
9. In fact, carbon dioxide is almost free to enter and leave the cell membrane. Why is it troublesome? The key point is that the solubility of carbon dioxide in water is not high, and blood is an aqueous solution. A substance must be transported to a distant place without relying on "flow". If the flowing fluid is an aqueous solution, the substance must be converted into a form of high solubility. For carbon dioxide, its high solubility is in the form of carbonic acid H2CO3, or bicarbonate HCO3-.
10. But there is another problem. Carbonic acid H2CO3, or bicarbonate HCO3- can hardly pass through the cell membrane! Really troublesome! Why is this? A simple explanation, the cell membrane is composed of two layers of phospholipids, and part of the lipids form cell membranes back to back. The middle water repellent layer allows the hydrophilic phosphoric acid to go outwards. Therefore, the more fat-soluble material can pass through, so carbon dioxide is the case, but the fat-soluble material is naturally less soluble in water.
11. Carbon dioxide is transported from the cells it produces to the alveoli to stay in the form of carbon dioxide when it passes through the cell membrane. It needs to be converted to carbonic acid H2CO3 or bicarbonate HCO3- when it flows, and the cell membrane checkpoint has many pathways, so it must be frequently Conversion between forms, then need to "carbonate dehydration".
1. Carbonic acid H2CO3 will be partially decomposed in aqueous solution into carbonate ion HCO3- and hydrogen ion H+, written chemical formula: H2CO3 HCO3- + H+- represents a negative charge, + represents a positive charge. There are two-way arrows. To achieve chemical equilibrium, the formula that it meets is: [HCO3-]*[H+}/[H2CO3] = certain value where * represents multiplication.
2. The above chemical formula is combined with the chemical formula CO2 + H2O H2CO3 which is hydrated with the carbon dioxide mentioned in the previous article: CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+ The mathematical formulae are also combined: [HCO3-]*[H+]/[CO2 ] = Certain value, sort out [H+] = Certain value * [CO2]/[HCO3-]
3. The last formula above shows: The higher [CO2], or the lower [HCO3-], the higher [H+]. Because [H+] represents acidity, so long as the chemical equilibrium [CO2]/[HCO3-] is achieved The ratio also represents acidity, CO2 is acidic, HCO3- is alkaline.
4. Moreover, the more HCO3-, the smaller the [H+] change caused when CO2 increases or decreases by a certain amount. This phenomenon is called "HCO3- with buffer function".
5. The human body not only produces CO2 but also produces or eats other acids. Therefore, the human body tends to try to leave HCO3- and remove the acid. CO2 is excreted by the lungs. H+ and other acids such as HSO4- are excreted by the kidneys. Urine.
6. If the drug is used to keep the kidneys from keeping in the urine with HCO3-, the body will become acid, and a little change in CO2 will cause a greater [H+] change. Diamox (acetazolamide) is such a drug.
7. The human body has a system to detect acid and alkali in the body to control the rate of respiratory ventilation. When the body's acid is increased for a while, breathing increases immediately and CO2 is expelled more, so that the acidity decreases. Therefore, Diamox will promote breathing to reduce CO2 in the body. Diamox inhibits the reabsorption of HCO3- in the renal tubules by inhibiting the function of "carbonate dehydration". Why does it involve carbonic acid dehydration?
[3] Mass transfer methods in the body: diffusion, flow, penetration, active transport
1. The "mass biography" is the mass transport.
2. The body is mainly a fluid environment. Convection is the fastest mass transfer method.
3. Diffusion means: The solute is in solution, and the molecules or ions of the solute will move like insects. If the concentration of the original solute is not uniform, it will gradually become uniform and the solute will be thick. The place is moving to the sparse place. This is a very inefficient way. The speed is less than one thousandth of the flow.
4. Infiltration (osmosis) and active transport (active transport) are ways to get substances in and out of the "semi-permeable membrane."
5. The semipermeable membrane is a thin film that selectively passes some solutes. Different solutes can pass through different permeability. The cell membrane is a semipermeable membrane, and the membrane of the intracellular organelle is also. Many substances inside and outside the cell membrane are much less concentrated , for example, sodium, potassium ion difference tens of times inside and outside, calcium ion difference thousand times, pH is also different. Why do you need inside and outside the difference? One of the main reasons is: let the cell membrane become a control cell switch, when the cell membrane is transparent to a certain solute When the sex changes abruptly, the intracellular concentration of the solute suddenly changes, triggering a certain functional action of the cell. All functions of the human body are the function of the cell, and the permselectivity of the cell membrane is the main basis, although some substances are freely accessible. The cell membrane is also very important.
6. As with diffusion, solutes tend to pass from the high-concentration side through the semi-permeable membrane to the low-concentration side. This process does not require the application of energy by the outside world, which is "infiltration".
7. If energy is applied to make the solute from the low concentration side through the semi-permeable membrane to the high concentration side, it is called "active transport" and can also be called "pump pump".
8. The choice of cell membrane permeability, although necessary for physiology, also brings trouble. After carbon dioxide is produced inside the cell, the process of transporting it to the alveoli to exhale requires a layer of barriers.
9. In fact, carbon dioxide is almost free to enter and leave the cell membrane. Why is it troublesome? The key point is that the solubility of carbon dioxide in water is not high, and blood is an aqueous solution. A substance must be transported to a distant place without relying on "flow". If the flowing fluid is an aqueous solution, the substance must be converted into a form of high solubility. For carbon dioxide, its high solubility is in the form of carbonic acid H2CO3, or bicarbonate HCO3-.
10. But there is another problem. Carbonic acid H2CO3, or bicarbonate HCO3- can hardly pass through the cell membrane! Really troublesome! Why is this? A simple explanation, the cell membrane is composed of two layers of phospholipids, and part of the lipids form cell membranes back to back. The middle water repellent layer allows the hydrophilic phosphoric acid to go outwards. Therefore, the more fat-soluble material can pass through, so carbon dioxide is the case, but the fat-soluble material is naturally less soluble in water.
11. Carbon dioxide is transported from the cells it produces to the alveoli to stay in the form of carbon dioxide when it passes through the cell membrane. It needs to be converted to carbonic acid H2CO3 or bicarbonate HCO3- when it flows, and the cell membrane checkpoint has many pathways, so it must be frequently Conversion between forms, then need to "carbonate dehydration".
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