PKI and smart card technology in Microsoft Windows

Windows has full support for PKI. While providing high-strength security, PKI is also tightly integrated with the operating system and exists as a basic service of the operating system, avoiding the extra overhead of purchasing a third-party PKI. The core of the basic logic components of Windows PKI is Microsoft Certificate Services, which allows users to configure one or more enterprise CAs that support the issuance and abolition of certificates and work with Active Directory and policies. Complete the issuance of certificates and revocation information.

Windows PKI does not replace the Windows NT domain trust and authentication mechanism based on domain controller DC (domain controller) and Kerberos key distribution center KDC. On the contrary, Windows PKI has enhanced these services, which is suitable for different Internet and Internet. Applications, and can be applied to security services such as identity, authentication, integrity verification, and confidentiality in a scalable and distributed environment.

Windows PKI is built on Microsoft's proven PKI components, and its basic components include the following:

Certificate Services. As a core operating system-level service, Certificate Services allows organizations and enterprises to build their own CA systems and publish and manage digital certificates.

Active directory. As a core operating system-level service, Active Directory Services provides a unique location for finding network resources and provides publishing services for certificates and CRLs in PKI.

PKI-based applications. Windows itself provides many PKI-based applications such as Internet Explorer, Microsoft Money, Internet Information Server, Outlook, and Outlook Express. In addition, some other third-party PKI applications can also be built on top of Windows PKI.

Exchange Key Management Service (KMS). KMS is a service provided by Microsoft Exchange that allows applications to store and retrieve keys for encrypting e-mail. In future versions of Windows, KMS will provide enterprise-level KMS services as part of the Windows operating system.

The integrated PKI system in Windows provides a certificate service that allows users to securely interact with sensitive information over Internet/extranets/intranets. Certificate Services verifies the validity and authenticity of the parties involved in an e-commerce transaction and uses additional security measures provided by smart cards, etc., to enable domain users to log in to a domain.

Windows manages its public key infrastructure PKI by creating a certificate authority CA to provide certificate services. A CA issues a certificate to confirm the binding relationship between the user's public key and other attributes to provide proof of the user's identity. The CA created by the Windows Certificate Service can receive the certificate request, the authentication request information and the requester identity, issue and revoke the certificate, and issue a Certificate Revocation List (CRL). Certificate services are implemented through the built-in certificate management unit.

Nowadays, more and more enterprises are looking for ways to improve the security of their network resources. Smart cards (or smart cards) are one of the more popular ones. Smart cards provide an easy way for unauthorized people to gain access to the network, and Windows provides built-in support for smart card security.

Smart cards are about the same size as regular credit cards and offer anti-modification capabilities to protect user certificates and private keys. In this way, smart cards provide a very secure way for user authentication, interactive login, code signing, and secure e-mail delivery. Each smart card contains a chip that stores the user's private key, login information, and public key certificates for different purposes, such as digital signature certificates and data encryption certificates.

Using a smart card for authentication is more secure than using a password:

In the smart card mode, physical objects (cards) need to be used to authenticate users.

The use of a smart card must provide a Personal Identification Number (PIN) to ensure that only authorized persons can use the smart card.

Physically, keys cannot be exported from the card, eliminating attacks and threats to the system by stealing user credentials.

Without a smart card, an attacker cannot access and use card-protected information resources.

In the network, there is no transmission of passwords or any reusable information.

Before accessing and using resources, the smart card enhances the security of the pure software authentication scheme by requiring the user to provide physical objects (cards) and card usage information (such as the card's PIN). This authentication method is called two-factor (two factors). -factor) certification is more suitable for important occasions with high security requirements.

Different from the password authentication method, when the smart card is used for authentication, the user inserts the card into the reader of the computer and inputs the PIN of the card, and the Windows can use the private key and certificate stored in the card to the Windows domain controller. KDC certified users. After the user is authenticated, KDC will return a license ticket.

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ITEM NO.	DIAMETER	LENGTH	WEIGHT	COLOR
200129	3/16"	2250'	25 lbs	Natural/Colorful
200130	1/4"	1200'	25 lbs
200131	5/16"	600'	15 lbs
200132	3/8"	600'	25 lbs
200133	1/2"	600'	38 lbs
200134	5/8"	600'	55 lbs
200135	3/4"	600'	40 lbs
200136	1"	300'	60 lbs