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Recently, the six volumes of the 20 volumes of the "The Palace Museum of Ming and Qing Dynasties Furniture Collection" was published, among which many Ming and Qing court palace lacquer furniture for the first time. In fact, as early as the Ming Wanli, lacquered wood furniture has always been the mainstream of Chinese furniture. With the popularity of hardwood furniture such as red sandalwood and huanghuali, the “ruling†status of lacquered wood furniture was shaken. In recent years, in the furniture collection industry, lacquered wood furniture has also been increasingly sought after by experts, and even the tendency of "only Chai is on the subject". So, why is the collector’s perception of lacquered wood furniture later than hardwood furniture? What kind of process characteristics does the lacquer wood home have? How to pay attention to it in the collection? Look at the in-depth analysis of industry experts.
Text, map / Guangzhou Daily reporter Jiang Yuejun
Early high-end lacquered wood furniture
Have been "extinct to buy light"
As early as the Spring and Autumn Period, China has already appeared in the form of paint, paint and other furniture forms, and developed into the Song and Yuan Dynasties. The lacquering process was originally designed to protect the wood, prevent insects and moisture, and later gradually developed into the furniture decoration process.
Deng Xuesong, chairman of the Chairman of the Traditional Furniture Professional Committee of the China Furniture Association, told reporters that the reason why lacquered wood furniture should be painted is because the hardness of the wood is not enough, in order to avoid the worms and the tidal decay, it is necessary to hang with enamel paint and smear. The ash and other processes are protected; on the other hand, the valuable hardwoods such as huanghuali and lobular rosewood are different from foreign countries, and the materials of lacquered wood furniture are mostly taken locally, such as nanmu, eucalyptus, eucalyptus, cypress and so on. Restricted by the ornamental nature of wood texture and the quality limitations of wood, coupled with the cultural background and aesthetic habits of the time, the depiction and decoration of lacquered wood furniture became popular and matured. There are many kinds of high-difficult decorations such as lacquer lacquer, gold paint, ash, paint, sheet metal, color, and snails. The color of lacquered wood furniture is increasingly colorful.
Is it lacquered wood furniture or a valuable hardwood furniture? From the perspective of furniture culture and art, there is no such thing as the best material. Only one material has evolved into a unique and attractive form of furniture art according to its own limitations and advantages. The texture of Huanghua pear is very admirable, such as the waterfall. The Ming style furniture is mainly composed of exquisite design and line decoration. The small leaf rosewood is deep and dense, and the texture is hidden. Therefore, the carving of the rosewood court furniture is face-to-face. Decoration is the main thing, these are the unity of materials and expressions. The lacquer wood furniture is mainly composed of enamel paint decoration technology. Therefore, the level of lacquer wood furniture has a unique significance in the collection of lacquer wood furniture.
Collector Jiang Nianci said that in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, foreigners collected antique furniture in China. The earliest collection of finely crafted Chinese palace-style lacquered wood furniture was turned into hardwood furniture. "At the time, many Chinese palace-style lacquered wood furniture were transported to Kalimantan, Indonesia, and then transported to Europe and the United States. Now, it is difficult to see the three-four-meter-high Ming and Qing lacquer wood screens in the country, but at that time the European and American families were basically There will be one or two pieces. Before the 1980s, the Chinese furniture that appeared in the Western auction market was also auctioned at a high price. We look at the auction record 35 years ago, and many of the screens in Kangxi are more expensive than now."
Therefore, Jiang Nianci believes that at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, the high-end lacquered furniture that was ruined by the people could be described as "extinctively bought by the Westerners." In 1921, the first catalogue of Chinese furniture was published in France, and the book titled "Chinese Furniture" (2013 Beijing National Palace Museum translated and reprinted the book, renamed "French Old Chinese Furniture Example"), its The 59 pieces of Chinese furniture are almost all lacquered wood furniture, especially the palace-style lacquer furniture. It can be seen from the above that the Kangxi period is also an important stage in the production of lacquered wood furniture. At this time, the court furniture or official furniture is structured in a simple style, but the decoration tends to be gorgeous, and many of the flowers and branches are seen. Such decorative structural components, this style continued into the early Qianlong.
"Now, everyone collects lacquered wood furniture, which is based on the Kangxi years, and the pursuit of Yongxuan (Yongle, Xuande) is the pursuit of the highest. The lacquerware of the Yongxuan period is a small box, and today is also a good encounter. Recently, at the antique exhibition in Hong Kong, a black lacquered snail wine table with red lacquer 'Da Ming Wan Li' was sold at a price of nearly 10 million yuan. As for the lacquered wood furniture after Qianlong, it is in Tibet. In the eyes of the family, it is impossible to enter the room."
Folk lacquered wood furniture style is rough and has tension
However, in Deng Xuesong's view, the shape of ancient Chinese palace-style lacquered wood furniture is different from the lacquered wood furniture that most experts talk about. "Ming and Qing court lacquered wood furniture is rich and elegant, although it is the craft and material of lacquered wood furniture, but the aesthetic tendency of the famous hardwood furniture is getting closer, such as the throne of the Qing Dynasty palace black lacquered gold embroidered snail and a carved lotus flower The lobular rosewood throne is actually the same in aesthetic style, and it is all beautiful and rich, but the decoration methods and crafts are different. Therefore, the palace-style lacquered wood furniture echoes the life of the upper-level nobles. The original ecology of the folk lacquered wood furniture is completely different, and it is completely different."
Deng Xuesong believes that Ming-style huanghuali furniture represents elite culture, while most lacquered furniture corresponds to folk or folk culture, which is the essence of the two.
The elites in Chinese history are mainly literati and ruling classes. The objects they use, the tastes of play and the folks are very different. Divided from the form of furniture, whether it is huanghuali furniture or rosewood furniture, there is a very distinct use group - like Huanghuali furniture, mainly promoted and created by the Ming Dynasty literati generation; Qing-style rosewood furniture corresponds to The court and the Daguan nobles; and the wide-style old red rosewood furniture, corresponding to the merchants and the public.
"Of course, all elite cultures are based on folk culture and rely on the folk culture. The folk culture is further developed and sublimated, and finally the elite culture emerges. Therefore, no matter from the historical stage of emergence, In terms of the coverage of the group and the variability of the style, the lacquered wood furniture is a beautiful landscape, and the hardwood furniture has no distinction between high and low, but represents different furniture art styles and life needs. The lack of Kong Wu in the traditional Chinese elite culture The arrogant side is more elegant, clean and elegant, which is very clear in the overall and elegant appearance of Ming style furniture. So, obviously, this elegant subtleness only represents the characteristics of the literati culture, insufficient In order to cover the cultural spirit of the whole of China, in the development of China's history, the war is spreading, the inner peace is rebellious, and the territory is expanded. It can be seen that Wenzhi martial arts has always coexisted and developed. The lacquer wood furniture more reflects this aspect of the Chinese nation, so folk paint Wood furniture is not heavy, the workmanship is not overwhelming, the shape is thick, the knife falls into the axe
However, because the folk lacquered wood furniture branded more regional culture and the distinctive "original" Chinese style, it was particularly rough and fresh, which also increased the difficulty of being internationally and being understood on a larger scale. Therefore, this type of lacquered wood furniture is currently mainly traded between domestic experts, unlike the hard currency of international collectors like huanghuali and rosewood furniture. Deng Xuesong said: "For example, Shanxi furniture can be compared to folk songs in northern Shaanxi. This obvious regionality is not only its highlight, but also its constraints. It can make people hunt and watch, but it is difficult to obtain recognition of cultural values. Chinese traditional utensils Civilization can truly conquer the world today, one is porcelain, and the other is Ming-style furniture. As far as Ming-style furniture is concerned, because its minimalist design coincides with the modern style promoted under the Western Bauhaus design system, it has the favorite of today. The characteristics of plastic art are therefore accepted worldwide."
The lacquered wood furniture is as hot as the sea has not yet formed a system research
Then, for Chinese furniture collectors, what are the appreciation values ​​of the lacquered wood furniture with strong folk flavor?
Deng Xuesong told reporters that there is a very interesting phenomenon. Generally, collectors who like ancient lacquered wood furniture rarely like new lacquered wood furniture. If we can travel hundreds of years ago and see the "real body" of these lacquered wood furniture, we will find that the style is generally rich and rich. In particular, folk lacquered wood furniture will be more glamorous, because its production is originally to cater to a wide range of market and citizen classes. After years of tempering, the lacquer art itself produces a variety of aesthetic textures that cannot be achieved by humans. For example, "the snake's belly breaks" - after the old paint is gone, there is a patch of texture like a snake's belly, which is very worth seeing; or some parts of the paint on the furniture have fallen off, and some parts are still wrapped. Some are weathered and some are discolored, which will make the lacquered wood furniture look old and full of visual beauty. "In the plaque, there is a snail underneath, and there is a gold-like appearance. This rich visual effect is incomparable to the simplicity of Ming-style furniture. We all know that the aesthetics of Ming-style huanghuali furniture mainly includes two points: One is the beauty of the material, and the other is the beauty of the shape. The texture of the huanghua pear itself is nothing more than a transparent, jade-like smooth patina, and the texture of the wood itself will not change over time. From the variability of visual appreciation, it is not as good as lacquered wood furniture."
In addition, it is difficult to pick the essence from folk art, but once there is a boutique in folk art, it must be born out of the world. Its life tension, fullness and originality are much higher than elite art. Because elite art has been highly stylized, although it has matured, it seems to be rigid. The best lacquered wood furniture is at a critical state, which not only maintains the roughness of folk crafts, but also looks at the elegance of hardwood furniture. This is an extraordinarily fascinating state.
It is for this reason that many lacquer wood furniture collectors also have a tendency to "Wai Chai is on the theory". They think that playing wood-wood furniture is more cultivated, more graded, and more stylish than playing hardwood furniture. The value of the collection is one-sided. "In fact, not all mottled things must be quaint. Not all things that have been experienced over time are the essence of history. Understanding and appreciating lacquered wood furniture requires more eyesight and appreciation than hardwood furniture. As we said, It is more difficult to appreciate abstract paintings and appreciation of figurative paintings. Undoubtedly, abstract paintings are more difficult. There are not many people who can understand Pollock's works. If we put four Pollock paintings for people to appreciate, let everyone choose the most art. One of the values, I am afraid that 90% of people will choose the wrong, because the abstract aesthetic needs to be more sensitive to form and meaning." Deng Xuesong said.
In addition, no matter whether it is a researcher of traditional Chinese furniture or a person who collects lacquered wood furniture, there is no systematic research on the true artistic value and artistic expression of lacquered wood furniture in China. Unlike hardwood furniture, Wang Shizhen has already completely divided the process and structure from the previous aspects and set standards. The lacquered wood furniture is like a sea of ​​smoke. Just like what Jiang Ningci said, it is a “wanny ocean that can't see the coastline.†It takes a long time to appear such a system and standard, so it is even more difficult to choose and judge.
Deng Xuesong also pointed out that in fact, whether the rise of the hardwood furniture collection boom in the contemporary era or the rush of the lacquer wood furniture collection boom, the helplessness is that these trends are not the artistic prosperity brought about by the revival of traditional culture, but the promotion of commercial civilization. As a result, the hype is stronger. “Now the lacquered wood furniture experts used to receive hardwood furniture. Turning to lacquered wood furniture, it is possible to appreciate the change of taste, or it may be because of helplessness – good hardwood furniture is getting less and less, and the price is very It’s expensive, it’s not available,†said Deng Xuesong.
Tips: 髹 paint process knowledge
Tick ​​red:
Tick ​​red is one of the techniques of lacquering. The method is to first apply a few layers of red lacquer on the fetal bone to make the lacquer reach a certain thickness and engrave the pattern in the soft dry state. Painted and painted, the paintings are preserved and the three-dimensional relief effect is produced.
Embroidered thread:
The inlaid thread is a decorative process used on lacquerware. It is made from the best parts of various shells and brilliance, and then layered and cut and laid on the lacquer for decoration. Some will also be made into figures such as figures, flowers, birds and beasts, which are colorful and dazzling.
Sheet metal:
One of the techniques of enamel paint, that is, the pattern is engraved on the surface of the object according to the designed pattern, and then the gold glue is applied in the yin, and the gold powder is applied to make it a golden pattern. The sheet metal craft, although decorated with embellishments, can add a lot to the furniture.
Painted paint:
Also known as paint, there are two ways, one is on a lacquered ground, with a variety of paint to paint the pattern, the pattern is diverse, the pattern is elegant; there is also a kind of lacquer painting, is another color on a lacquered ground The paint depicts the pattern and the color is pure and clean.
outline in gold:
It is to add a gold pattern on the monochrome paint floor, of which black paint is the most common, followed by Zhu paint or purple paint.
Point Cui:
Dian Cuiyuan is a traditional Korean gold and silver jewellery making process. The jewellery made with the craftsmanship is bright, bright and never fades. Decorating the lacquered furniture with this craft has its own beautiful and beautiful beauty.
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